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Anatomy of the Gynecomastia Tissue and Its Clinical Significance.
[BACKGROUND] Gynecomastia is a very common entity in men, and several authors estimate that approximately 50% to 70% of the male population has palpable breast tissue. Much has been published with regard to the etiology, diagnosis, and trea…
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Correction of gynecomastia in body builders and patients with good physique.
[BACKGROUND] Temporary gynecomastia in the form of breast buds is a common finding in young male subjects. In adults, permanent gynecomastia is an aesthetic impairment that may result in interest in surgical correction. Gynecomastia in body…
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Nasal Sculpting: Calculated and Predictable Tip Elevation With Cephalic Trim.
[BACKGROUND] Rhinoplasty techniques to affect nasal tip rotation are well described. Cephalic alar trim is a powerful method for achieving tip elevation. Previous studies and texts provide aesthetic guidelines for nasolabial angles. Often, …
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The safe zone for placement of chin implants.
[BACKGROUND] Alloplastic chin augmentation requires the surgeon to predict the location of the mental foramen and the origin of the mentalis muscle to avoid the postoperative sequelae lower lip parasthesia, lower lip incompetence, or chin p…
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Anatomical landmarks to avoid injury to the great auricular nerve during rhytidectomy.
[BACKGROUND] An estimated 116 086 facelifts were performed in 2011. Regardless of the technique employed, facial flap elevation carries with it anatomical pitfalls of which any surgeon performing these procedures should be aware. Injury to …
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Bony anatomic landmarks to avoid injury to the marginal mandibular nerve.
[BACKGROUND] Marginal mandibular nerve injuries are more likely to be symptomatic than other facial nerve injuries following facelift procedures. The marginal mandibular nerve courses over the facial artery in the region of the mandible. Th…