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Influence of botulinum toxin A on craniofacial morphology after injection into the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx-) mice.
[BACKGROUND] Severe craniofacial and dental abnormalities, typical for patients with progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), are an exellcent demonstration of Melvin L. Moss "functional matrix theory", highlighting the influence of m…
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Histological features of masticatory muscles after botulinum toxin A injection into the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx-) mice.
[OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND] The most frequently used animal model for human DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) research is the mdx mouse. In both species, characteristic histological changes like inflammation, muscle fiber degeneration and fibros…
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Expression rate of myogenic regulatory factors and muscle growth factor after botulinum toxin A injection in the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx) mice.
[BACKGROUND] The mdx mouse, the most approved animal model for basic research in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), has the ability to compensate muscle degeneration by regeneration process, which is obvious at approx. 3 months of age. Henc…
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Changes in caveolin-1, caveolin-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression and protein content after botulinum toxin A injection in the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx-) mice.
Progressive muscle wasting, frequently associated with inflammation, muscle fibre degeneration and fibrosis, is a characteristic of DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). Its most common used animal model, the mdx mouse, however can overcome mu…