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Consensus guidelines for botulinum toxin therapy: general algorithms and dosing tables for dystonia and spasticity.
Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is a complex and highly individualised therapy defined by treatment algorithms and injection schemes describing its target muscles and their dosing. Various consensus guidelines have tried to standardise and to …
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Defining spasticity: a new approach considering current movement disorders terminology and botulinum toxin therapy.
Spasticity is a symptom occurring in many neurological conditions including stroke, multiple sclerosis, hypoxic brain damage, traumatic brain injury, tumours and heredodegenerative diseases. It affects large numbers of patients and may caus…
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Strategies for treatment of dystonia.
Treatment of dystonias is generally symptomatic. To produce sufficient therapy effects, therefore, frequently a multimodal and interdisciplinary therapeutic approach becomes necessary, combining botulinum toxin therapy, deep brain stimulati…