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Preclinical Evaluation of Botulinum Toxin Type E (TrenibotulinumtoxinE) Using the Mouse Digit Abduction Score (DAS) Assay.
TrenibotulinumtoxinE (trenibotE), a botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E), is being developed for clinical use, and can fill a unique treatment gap for patients who are seeking neurotoxin treatment with a rapid onset and short duration o…
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Botulinum Neurotoxin A Signaling in Pain Modulation Within Human Sensory Neurons.
OnabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA), a Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), is an effective treatment for chronic migraine, but its direct mechanism of action on human sensory neurons has not been fully elucidated. While rodent studies on dorsal …
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OnabotulinumtoxinA alters pro- and anti-inflammatory dural macrophage response to CSD in female mice.
AimCortical spreading depression (CSD), the neural correlate of migraine aura, has been shown to cause activation of dural nociceptive neurons as well as immune cells, among which macrophages (MPs) are the most abundant and reactive. Onabot…